Science and Medicine

New Explanation for Heart-Healthy Benefits of Chocolate

studies have shown that cocoa, the main ingredient in chocolate, appears to reduce the risk of heart disease by boosting levels of HDL

In time for the chocolate-giving and chocolate-noshing fest on Valentine’s Day, scientists are reporting discovery of how this treat boosts the body’s production of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)—the “good” form of cholesterol that protects against heart disease. Just as those boxes of chocolates get hearts throbbing and mouths watering, polyphenols in chocolate rev up the activity of certain proteins, including proteins that attach to the genetic material DNA in ways that boost HDL levels.

Their report appears in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, one of 39 peer-reviewed scientific journals published by the American Chemical Society.

Midori Natsume, Ph.D., and colleagues note that studies have shown that cocoa, the main ingredient in chocolate, appears to reduce the risk of heart disease by boosting levels of HDL, or “good” cholesterol, and decreasing levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or “bad” cholesterol. Credit for those heart-healthy effects goes to a cadre of antioxidant compounds in cocoa called polyphenols, which are particularly abundant in dark chocolate. Until now, however, nobody knew exactly how the polyphenols in cocoa orchestrated those beneficial effects.

The scientists analyzed the effects of cocoa polyphenols on cholesterol using cultures of human liver and intestinal cells. They focused on the production of apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), a protein that is the major component of “good” cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B (ApoB), the main component of “bad” cholesterol. It turns out that cocoa polyphenols increased ApoA1 levels and decreased ApoB levels in both the liver and intestine.

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With Climate Change, Expect More Monster Winter Storms



“It’s sort of a double whammy,” Mann said. “The storms become more powerful and they contain more moisture.”

No single weather event can be directly attributed to climate change. But as the globe warms up, Americans can expect more storms like the one this week, scientists say.

That’s not because the Feb. 1 storm can be linked to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels or increasing global temperature—again, such a connection is impossible to make – but, according to climatologists, an increased propensity for winter storms is exactly what you’d expect in a warming world.

“There’s no inconsistency at all,” Michael Mann, the director of the Penn State Earth System Science Center, told LiveScience. “If anything, this is what the models project: that we see more of these very large snowfalls.”

Climate versus weather

Questions about climate often pop up when the weather is extreme. Droughts and heat waves trigger comments on the scourge of carbon dioxide. During winter storms like the one that lashed much of the east and midwest, skeptics question why they have to dig out their car from snowdrifts in a supposedly warming world.

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Can Eating Less at Breakfast Help You Lose Weight?



“Overweight and obese subjects should consider the reduction of breakfast calories as a simple option to improve their daily energy balance,” the researchers said.

We’ve heard time and time again about the importance of eating breakfast but a new study suggests cutting back on what you eat in the morning might help you eat less during the rest of your waking hours.

The results show that, the more calories people eat at breakfast, the higher their total daily calorie intake is. This finding was true of both obese and normal weight people.

Participants ate around 500 to 550 calories for lunch and dinner, regardless of how much they ate for breakfast—it didn’t matter whether they skipped it entirely or had a hearty morning meal, the researchers said.

As a result, those who ate a big breakfast—on average, 400 calories more than a small breakfast—took in 400 extra calories during their day.

“While we often hear that breakfast is the most important meal of the day, this study reminds us that monitoring calories at breakfast is very important, too,” said Mary Ann Johnson, a professor of foods and nutrition at the University of Georgia and spokesperson for the American Society for Nutrition, who was not involved in the study. “The calories at breakfast do count toward overall daily intake.”

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